queen mary 1

Edward Courtenay and Reginald Pole were both mentioned as prospective suitors, but her cousin Charles V suggested she marry his only son, Prince Philip of Spain. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [56] Anne consented to the annulment of the marriage, which had not been consummated, and Cromwell was beheaded. CU Queen Mary. Philip negotiated an unsteady truce with the French in February 1556. Mary of Teck became Queen Mary, consort of King George V. She was the mother of kings Edward VIII and George VI, and the grandmother of Queen Elizabeth II. From September 1946 to July 1947, Queen Mary was refitted for passenger service, adding air conditioning and upgrading her berth configuration to 711 first class (formerly called cabin class), 707 cabin class (formerly tourist class) and 577 tourist class (formerly third class) passengers. [150] But no child was born, and Mary was forced to accept that her half-sister Elizabeth would be her lawful successor. Nor would she enter a convent when ordered to do so. [158] John Knox attacked her in his First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (1558), and she was prominently vilified in Actes and Monuments (1563), by John Foxe. [84] Philip had a son from a previous marriage and was heir apparent to vast territories in Continental Europe and the New World. (17) July 10, 1553, Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England but the people of England support Mary as the rightful heir. Henry separated from Catherine in 1531 and had his marriage to her annulled in 1533. 143–147; Porter, pp. [123] The burnings proved so unpopular that even Alfonso de Castro, one of Philip's own ecclesiastical staff, condemned them[124] and another adviser, Simon Renard, warned him that such "cruel enforcement" could "cause a revolt". She was styled "The Lady Mary" rather than Princess, and her place in the line of succession was transferred to her newborn half-sister, Elizabeth, Anne's daughter. Disappointed at the lack of a male heir, and eager to remarry, Henry attempted to have his marriage to Catherine annulled, but Pope Clement VII refused his request. (2011). She attempted to reconcile with him by submitting to his authority as far as "God and my conscience" permitted, but was eventually bullied into signing a document agreeing to all of Henry's demands. Roman Catholicism was not a lost cause when Mary came to the throne. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [103], Thanksgiving services in the diocese of London were held at the end of April after false rumours that Mary had given birth to a son spread across Europe. She granted a royal charter to the Muscovy Company under governor Sebastian Cabot,[143] and commissioned a world atlas from Diogo Homem. Mary, Queen of Scots. An Act of Parliament in 1533 had declared her illegitimate and removed her from the succession to the throne (she was reinstated in 1544, but her half-brother Edward removed her Perhaps a result of the queen’s overwhelming desire to have a child, the peculiar episode had great political consequences for her reign "[163], Catholic historians, such as John Lingard, thought Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control. [145], Financially, Mary's regime tried to reconcile a modern form of government—with correspondingly higher spending—with a medieval system of collecting taxation and dues. [164] In other countries, the Catholic Counter-Reformation was spearheaded by Jesuit missionaries, but Mary's chief religious advisor, Cardinal Reginald Pole, refused to allow the Jesuits into England. 170–174, Waller, pp. 90–91, Loades, p. 114; Porter, pp. The inscription on their tomb, affixed there by James I when he succeeded Elizabeth, is Regno consortes et urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis ("Consorts in realm and tomb, we sisters Elizabeth and Mary here lie down to sleep in hope of the resurrection"). In 1525 she was named princess of Wales by her father, although the lack of official documents suggests she was never formally invested. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. [51] The next year, 1537, Jane died after giving birth to a son, Edward. [39] Although both she and her mother were ill, Mary was refused permission to visit Catherine. [142] In an attempt to increase trade and rescue the English economy, Mary's counsellors continued Northumberland's policy of seeking out new commercial opportunities. [81] She appointed Gardiner to the council and made him both Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor, offices he held until his death in November 1555. [16] Mary had a fair complexion with pale blue eyes and red or reddish-golden hair. [165] Her marriage to Philip was unpopular among her subjects and her religious policies resulted in deep-seated resentment. [93] Philip was unhappy with these conditions but ready to agree for the sake of securing the marriage. Betrothed at last to the Holy Roman emperor, her cousin Charles V (Charles I of Spain), Mary was commanded by him to come to Spain with a huge cash dowry. Lady Jane's mother was Frances Brandon, Mary's cousin and goddaughter. This demand ignored, he presently jilted her and concluded a more advantageous match. Born: 18 February 1516 Greenwich Palace. I AM QUEEN MARY. (İngilizce) Read, Conyers (1909). [14] She studied French, Spanish, music, dance, and perhaps Greek. ", Mayer, Thomas F. (1996). The title Supreme Head of the Church was repugnant to Mary's Catholicism, and she omitted it after Christmas 1553. [101] According to Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian ambassador, Philip may have planned to marry Elizabeth in the event of Mary's death in childbirth,[102] but in a letter to his brother-in-law, Maximilian of Austria, Philip expressed uncertainty as to whether his wife was pregnant. "[154], Although Mary's will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, she was interred in Westminster Abbey on 14 December, in a tomb she eventually shared with Elizabeth. She gained weight, and felt nauseated in the mornings. [2] Before Mary's birth, four previous pregnancies had resulted in a stillborn daughter and three short-lived or stillborn sons, including Henry, Duke of Cornwall. 86–87; Whitelock, p. 237, Porter, p. 338; Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 255, "The queen's pregnancy turns out not to have been as certain as we thought": Letter of 25 April 1554, quoted in Porter, p. 337 and Whitelock, p. 257, Antoine de Noailles quoted in Whitelock, p. 269, Loades, pp. [28], According to the Venetian Mario Savorgnano, by this time Mary was developing into a pretty, well-proportioned young lady with a fine complexion. An unpopular, unsuccessful war with France, in which Spain was England’s ally, lost Calais, England’s last toehold in Europe. "A Test of Wills: Cardinal Pole, Ignatius Loyola, and the Jesuits in England" in McCoog, Thomas M. Suggestions that Mary marry the Duke of Cleves, who was the same age, came to nothing, but a match between Henry and the Duke's sister Anne was agreed. Thenceforward the queen, now known as Bloody Mary, was hated, her Spanish husband distrusted and slandered, and she herself blamed for the vicious slaughter. [46] Henry granted her a household, which included the reinstatement of Mary's favourite, Susan Clarencieux. [19] In 1525, Henry sent Mary to the border of Wales to preside, presumably in name only, over the Council of Wales and the Marches. She was accompanied by her half-sister Elizabeth and a procession of over 800 nobles and gentlemen. She is best known for her religious persecutions of Protestants and the executions of … Built at the John Brown shipyard on the Clyde, Scotland in 1937, the Queen Mary held the record for the fastest-ever North Atlantic crossing. The First Queen of England: The Myth of "Bloody Mary" by Linda Porter. [161] Christopher Haigh argued that her revival of religious festivities and Catholic practices was generally welcomed. At this time of emotional upheaval, Mary fell seriously ill and may have been in danger of losing her life. 295–297; Porter, pp. Philip persuaded Parliament to repeal Henry's religious laws, returning the English church to Roman jurisdiction. She then held court at Ludlow Castle while new betrothal plans were made. The first queen of England in her own right, Mary I was known as 'Bloody Mary' for her brutal persecution of Protestants. Mary was apparently appalled at her father's action and there were come quarrels between Mary and Kathryn during the young Queen's reign. [168] Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, the policies of fiscal reform, naval expansion, and colonial exploration that were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments were started in Mary's reign. [155], At her funeral service, John White, bishop of Winchester, praised Mary: "She was a king's daughter; she was a king's sister; she was a king's wife. Mary I was the queen of England and Ireland from 1553 to 1558. [146] Mary retained the Edwardian appointee William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, as Lord High Treasurer and assigned him to oversee the revenue collection system. Wyatt was defeated and executed, and Mary married Philip, restored the Catholic creed, and revived the laws against heresy. The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots. "Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church. In 1534 Henry broke with Rome and established the Church of England. [113], In the month following her accession, Mary issued a proclamation that she would not compel any of her subjects to follow her religion, but by the end of September 1553, leading Protestant churchmen—including Cranmer, John Bradford, John Rogers, John Hooper, and Hugh Latimer—were imprisoned. The country, however, considered Mary the rightful ruler, and within some days she made a triumphal entry into London. 195–197, Porter, pp. Husband after husband proposed for her failed to reach the altar. Mary understood that the young Lady Jane was essentially a pawn in Dudley's scheme, and Dudley was the only conspirator of rank executed for high treason in the immediate aftermath of the coup. 257–261; Whitelock, pp. She insisted that Philip receive the title of king consort and all official documents bear their joint names. Saoirse ve margot çok iyi oynamış ama maalesef onlarda kurtaramamış çok daha iyi olabilirdi 5.510 101, 103, 105; Whitelock, p. 266. Sie liegt seither fest vertäut im kalifornischen Long Beach und wird als schwimmendes Hotel namens Hotel The Queen Mary genutzt. Upon the death of Edward in 1553, Mary fled to Norfolk, as Lady Jane Grey had seized the throne and was recognized as queen for a few days. [166] The military loss of Calais to France was a bitter humiliation to English pride. At Queen Mary, you get the safety and security of campus life, while living in one of the most exciting parts of London. Mary rode triumphantly into London on 3 August 1553, on a wave of popular support. [13] By the age of nine, Mary could read and write Latin. For example, the Act of Uniformity 1549 prescribed Protestant rites for church services, such as the use of Thomas Cranmer's Book of Common Prayer. [62] Henry returned Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession, through the Act of Succession 1544, placing them after Edward. Queen Mary, previously Mary of Teck, was Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the widow of George V. She is played by actress Eileen Atkins. Her first marriage had been annulled by a previous pope, Julius II, on that basis. [54] When the king saw Anne for the first time in late December 1539, a week before the scheduled wedding, he found her unattractive but was unable, for diplomatic reasons and without a suitable pretext, to cancel the marriage. [23] In 1522, at the age of six, she was instead contracted to marry her 22-year-old first cousin, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.[24] However, the engagement was broken off within a few years by Charles with Henry's agreement. Jacqui Rossi talks about the tumultuous life of Mary I of England, from being disinherited to becoming England's first female monarch. [77] She and Dudley were imprisoned in the Tower of London. 119–123; Waller, pp. Corrections? Londra: Camden Series. Mary I, also called Mary Tudor, byname Bloody Mary, (born February 18, 1516, Greenwich, near London, England—died November 17, 1558, London), the first queen to rule England (1553–58) in her own right. 8, 81–82; Whitelock, p. 168, Loades, pp. Mary rejected Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, as a prospect when her first cousin, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, suggested she marry his only son, the Spanish prince Philip, later Philip II of Spain. (İngilizce) Swain, Margaret (1973). Although plain, she was a popular figure, with a fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic ability. We provide a range of affordable accommodation on or near our campuses in Mile End, Whitechapel and Charter House Square. Mary was the only child of Henry VIII by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, to survive to adulthood. Those English noblemen who had acquired wealth and lands when Henry VIII confiscated the Catholic monasteries had a vested interest in retaining them, and Mary’s desire to restore Roman Catholicism as the state religion made them her enemies. Reaching an agreement took many months and Mary and Pope Julius III had to make a major concession: the confiscated monastery lands were not returned to the church but remained in the hands of their influential new owners. [116], Mary had always rejected the break with Rome her father instituted and the establishment of Protestantism by her brother's regents. 119–123; Waller, pp. [22], Throughout Mary's childhood, Henry negotiated potential future marriages for her. He recanted, repudiated Protestant theology, and rejoined the Catholic faith. [44] Henry insisted that Mary recognise him as head of the Church of England, repudiate papal authority, acknowledge that the marriage between her parents was unlawful, and accept her own illegitimacy. Dudley remained in exile in France, and Noailles prudently left Britain. But Mary had widespread popular support and within days made a triumphal entry into London. Mary speedily assembled a force in East Anglia and deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. [33] Mary's household was dissolved;[34] her servants (including the Countess of Salisbury) were dismissed and in December 1533 she was sent to join the household of the infant Elizabeth at Hatfield, Hertfordshire. England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war, and Philip could not act without his wife's consent or appoint foreigners to office in England. [144] Adventurers such as John Lok and William Towerson sailed south in an attempt to develop links with the coast of Africa. 20–21; Whitelock, pp. 185–186, Porter, pp. Sometimes, her arms were impaled (depicted side-by-side) with those of her husband. At 1,019 feet long and 81,000 tons (310 meters and 73,500 metric tons), the Queen Mary was one of the largest and most elegant ships of the early 20th century. Mary drafted plans for currency reform but they were not implemented until after her death. 202, 227, Porter, pp. Mary orders that Archbishop Cranmer be arrested. By the 17th century, the memory of her religious persecutions had led to the adoption of her sobriquet "Bloody Mary". [140] Despite Mary's marriage to Philip, England did not benefit from Spain's enormously lucrative trade with the New World. Lady Jane and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, though found guilty, were kept under guard in the Tower rather than immediately executed, while Lady Jane's father, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, was released. When she was crowned queen, … Still childless, sick, and grief stricken, she was further depressed by a series of false pregnancies. 165, 138, Loades, p. 176; Porter, p. 195; Tittler, pp. [6] The following year, Mary became a godmother herself when she was named as one of the sponsors of her cousin Frances Brandon. [12] A great part of her early education came from her mother, who consulted the Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives for advice and commissioned him to write De Institutione Feminae Christianae, a treatise on the education of girls. [152] In pain, possibly from ovarian cysts or uterine cancer,[153] she died on 17 November 1558, aged 42, at St James's Palace, during an influenza epidemic that also claimed Pole's life later that day. [83], At age 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, which would prevent the Protestant Elizabeth (still next-in-line under the terms of Henry VIII's will and the Act of Succession of 1544) from succeeding to the throne. Now 37, Mary turned her attention to getting a husband, to father an heir in order to prevent her half-sister, Princess Elizabeth, from succeeding to the throne. 95–96, Loades, pp. "[136] Celebrations were brief, as in January 1558 French forces took Calais, England's sole remaining possession on the European mainland. After the death of Edward VI, Henry’s only surviving male heir, Mary became queen of England. Mary I was the first Queen Regnant (that is, a queen reigning in her own right rather than a queen through marriage to a king). Source:istock Mary, born on February 18, 1517, was the only surviving child of King Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [74], On 10 July 1553, Lady Jane was proclaimed queen by Dudley and his supporters, and on the same day Mary's letter to the council arrived in London. Protestant historians have long deplored her reign, emphasizing that in just five years she burned several hundred Protestants at the stake. A studious and bright girl, she was educated by her mother and a governess of ducal rank. Mary had an interview with Elizabeth to see if she was worthy to be welcomed to court. Queen Mary I by Hans Eworth More Images. But the…, The reign of Mary is notable for the appearance of the portrait of her husband, Philip II of Spain, on the shilling.…. For these reasons, almost the entirety of her court, including her doctors, believed she was pregnant. After Mary's death, Philip sought to marry Elizabeth but she refused him. [68] Mary repeatedly refused Edward's demands that she abandon Catholicism, and Edward persistently refused to drop his demands. Courageous and stubborn, her character was moulded by her early years. To solve this, Mary's government published a revised "Book of Rates" (1558), which listed the tariffs and duties for every import. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-I, English Monarchs - Biography of Mary Tudor, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Mary I of England, The Home of the Royal Family - Biography of Mary I, Mary I - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mary I - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [97] Philip could not speak English, and so they spoke a mixture of Spanish, French, and Latin. [104] Through May and June, the apparent delay in delivery fed gossip that Mary was not pregnant. [45] Reconciled with her father, Mary resumed her place at court. 358–359; Waller, p. 103; Whitelock, p. 266, Waller, pp. 83–89, Porter, pp. After Anne fell under Henry’s displeasure, he offered to pardon Mary if she would acknowledge him as head of the Church of England and admit the “incestuous illegality” of his marriage to her mother. When Mary was in her thirties, she attended a reunion with Edward and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550, where the 13-year-old Edward embarrassed Mary, and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court, by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship. Mary and Philip were still apart; he was declared King of Spain in Brussels, but she stayed in England. [151], Mary was weak and ill from May 1558. ), William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester, debased under both Henry VIII and Edward VI, First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, "Spain: August 1557 | British History Online", "Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns", Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily, Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia, Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria, Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies, Princess Maria Immaculata of the Two Sicilies, Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies, Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, Freiin Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&oldid=1007521289, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [4] Her godparents included Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey, her great-aunt Catherine of York, Countess of Devon, and Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk. On Edward's death in 1553, Jane was briefly acclaimed queen. She was, however, not able to free herself of the epithet of bastard, and her movements were severely restricted. 104–105, Loades, p. 326; Waller, pp. A B.I.F. [37] The Imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys became her close adviser, and interceded, unsuccessfully, on her behalf at court. [100] In the last week of April 1555, Elizabeth was released from house arrest, and called to court as a witness to the birth, which was expected imminently. 41–42; Whitelock, pp. Wyatt, the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane, and her husband Guildford Dudley were executed. [42], In 1536, Queen Anne fell from the king's favour and was beheaded. To achieve this end, she was determined to marry Philip II of Spain, the son of the emperor Charles V and 11 years her junior, though most of her advisers advocated her cousin Courtenay, earl of Devon, a man of royal blood. In January 1556, Mary's father-in-law the Emperor abdicated. 311–313; Whitelock, pp. [5] Henry VIII's cousin, once removed, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, stood sponsor for Mary's confirmation, which was conducted immediately after the baptism. [53] Over 1539, the king's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, negotiated a potential alliance with the Duchy of Cleves. [49] Rebels in the North of England, including Lord Hussey, Mary's former chamberlain, campaigned against Henry's religious reforms, and one of their demands was that Mary be made legitimate. Learn more about Mary’s life and reign in this article. 135–136; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 101, Contemporary Spanish and English reports, quoted in Whitelock, p. 108, Loades, p. 120; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 112, Loades, pp. [125] Mary persevered with the policy, which continued until her death and exacerbated anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish feeling among the English people. LS Marlborough House, very misty. Buried: 14 December 1558 Westminster Abbey Updates? Catherine claimed that her marriage to Arthur was never consummated and so was not a valid marriage. The persistent rain and flooding led to famine. 106, 112; Whitelock, p. 299, Porter, pp. [132], Philip returned to England from March to July 1557 to persuade Mary to support Spain in a renewed war against France. Fade. Thomas Wyatt the younger led a force from Kent to depose Mary in favour of Elizabeth, as part of a wider conspiracy now known as Wyatt's rebellion, which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane's father. She became godmother to Prince Edward, Henry’s son by Jane Seymour, the third queen. She adopted "Truth, the Daughter of Time" (Latin: Veritas Temporis Filia) as her personal motto. 288–299; Whitelock, pp. After Henry’s divorce from Catherine in the 1530s, Henry married five more times. Virgin Islands artist La Vaughn Belle and Danish artist Jeannette Ehlers have teamed up to create a monumental public sculpture entitled I AM QUEEN MARY which was inaugurated on Saturday, March 31, 2018 at the Danish West Indian Warehouse in Copenhagen. Just before Edward VI's death, Mary was summoned to London to visit her dying brother, but was warned that the summons was a pretext on which to capture her and thereby facilitate Jane's accession to the throne. After Henry married Anne Boleyn in 1533, Mary was forbidden from seeing her mother and restricted in her access to her father. Following re… [40] When Catherine died in 1536, Mary was "inconsolable". [3], Mary was baptised into the Catholic faith at the Church of the Observant Friars in Greenwich three days after her birth. 202–209, Porter, pp. [15] Henry VIII doted on his daughter and boasted to the Venetian ambassador Sebastian Giustiniani that Mary never cried. [72] Therefore, instead of heading to London from her residence at Hunsdon, Mary fled to East Anglia, where she owned extensive estates and Dudley had ruthlessly put down Kett's Rebellion. 279–284; Waller, p. 72; Whitelock, pp. [108] In August, soon after the disgrace of the false pregnancy, which Mary considered "God's punishment" for her having "tolerated heretics" in her realm,[109] Philip left England to command his armies against France in Flanders. But she is also remembered for her phantom pregnancy of 1555. [60] At court, while her father was between marriages and without a consort, Mary acted as hostess. [118], Under the Heresy Acts, numerous Protestants were executed in the Marian persecutions. Porter, p. 389; Waller, p. 111; Whitelock, p. 289, Loades, pp. [26] A marriage treaty was signed which provided that Mary marry either Francis I or his second son Henry, Duke of Orleans,[27] but Wolsey secured an alliance with France without the marriage. 32–33, Porter, pp. For three years rebel bodies dangled from gibbets, and heretics were relentlessly executed, some 300 being burned at the stake. This publication was not extensively reviewed until 1604. [134] As a result of the war, relations between England and the Papacy became strained, since Pope Paul IV was allied with Henry II of France. Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, and as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, was the queen of England from July 1553 until her death. When in 1554 it became clear that she would marry Philip, a Protestant insurrection broke out under the leadership of Sir Thomas Wyatt. [35], Mary determinedly refused to acknowledge that Anne was the queen or that Elizabeth was a princess, further enraging King Henry. The rebellion, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace, was ruthlessly suppressed. 321, 324; Waller, p. 90; Whitelock, p. 238, Loades, pp. Mary, however, continued to celebrate mass in the old form in her private chapel and was once again in danger of losing her head. 19 July – Mary Tudor proclaimed queen of England. When she was only two years old, she was promised to Francis, the infant son of King Francis I of France, but the contract was repudiated after three years. [48] Her expenses included fine clothes and gambling at cards, one of her favourite pastimes. His advisers told him that he could not disinherit only one of his half-sisters: he would have to disinherit Elizabeth as well, even though she was a Protestant. 67–69, 72, Porter, p. 121; Waller, p. 33; Whitelock, p. 81, Porter, pp. [147], English coinage was debased under both Henry VIII and Edward VI. Edward VI succeeded his father in 1547 and, swayed by religious fervour and overzealous advisers, made English rather than Latin compulsory for church services. Died: 17 November 1558 at St James’s Palace, London Remembered for: Being the first queen regnant of England and for burning nearly 300 Protestant men, women and children during her reign.
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