king roger ii

It is no coincidence that in one of the only two portraits of Roger with any claim to authenticity—the mosaic in the Church of the Martorana at Palermo—he is depicted in Byzantine robes being symbolically crowned by Christ. "Roger II (22 December 1095 - 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Roger II and the Creation of the Kingdom of Sicily Graham Loud This student-friendly volume brings together English translations of the main narrative sources, and a small number of other relevant documents, for the reign of Roger II, the founder of the kingdom of Sicily. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, became Duke of Apulia and Calabria in 1127, then King of Sicily in 1130 and King of Africa in 1148. "[27] By the 1150s most of this coinage was no longer in use and soon after, it disappeared altogether. who married Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1165 C.E. In 1109, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, bestowed upon him the title of protonobilissimos, in recognition of his knowledge of the Byzantine court. An illegitimate son of Duke Roger of Apulia and grandson of Roger II, king of Sicily, Tancred joined an insurrection in 1155 against his uncle William I of Sicily and was imprisoned for five years. Details about 1130 Norman Roger II, King of Sicily, History, Micronesia 2000 MNH Millennium . The imagery on the mantle is very striking as it is meant to exemplify Roger II's power and victory over the previous dynasty. [b][10] Roger married his first wife, Elvira, daughter of Alfonso VI of Castile and his fourth queen, Isabella, who may be identical to his former concubine, the converted Moor, Zaida, baptised Isabella. However, the pope wanted an independent Principality of Capua as a buffer state between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Papal States, something Roger would not accept. Roger II, (born December 22, 1095—died February 26, 1154, Palermo [Sicily]), grand count of Sicily (1105–30) and king of the Norman kingdom of Sicily (1130–54). [19] The enameled surfaces are also attributed to the Byzantine Empire, as they had many craftsmen specializing in this type of work. One of the two candidates, Innocent II, thanks to the energetic advocacy of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, soon had almost the whole continent behind him. It invested the king and his bureaucracy with absolute powers and reduced the authority of the often rebellious vassals. He succeeded his elder brother Simon on September 28, 1105, at the age of nine. [30], Roger had now become one of the greatest kings in Europe. The first king of Sicily was crowned on Christmas Day 1130 in the cathedral at Palermo. Roger II was married three times. … He was joined by Louis VI of France, Henry I of England, and Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor. First Roger dealt with a rebellion in Apulia, where he defeated and deposed Grimoald, Prince of Bari, replacing him with his second son Tancred. [36] They had six children: Roger's second marriage was in 1149 to Sibylla, daughter of Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy. 1184/87) married firstly Joscelin, Count of Loreto, and secondly, Dolezalek, Isabelle (2013). through 1250 C.E. The sense of drama taking place in this piece, alongside of the decoration and color used to create it makes the mantle a spectacular article of clothing. For example, gold and silver were gained through the campaigns in Apulia in 1133 and Greece in 1147. There he promulgated the great law regulating all Sicilian affairs. Despite this act, his expedition left no enduring effects. In spring 1138, the royal army invaded the Principality of Capua, with the precise intent of avoiding a pitched battle and of dispersing Ranulf's army with a series of marches through difficult terrain. At this time, with Sergius dead, Alfonso was elected to replace him and together with his brother Roger went off to conquer the Abruzzi. After this he was quickly able to pacify his mainland realm, where his vassals—abetted by the German emperor Lothar II who led a large, though unsuccessful, expedition to South Italy in 1136–37—had kept up an almost permanent insurrection. Upon the death of his elder brother, Simon of Hauteville, in 1105, Roger inherited the County of Sicily under the regency of his mother, Adelaide del Vasto. These lands were for the next seven centuries to constitute the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. Roger II was the father of Constance of Sicily (1154 C.E. His rival, the antipope Anacletus II, turned to Roger, who promised full support in return for coronation. While there, centralising his kingdom, Roger declared a new standard coinage, named after the duchy of Apulia: the ducat. "Siciliy and the Staging of Multiculturalism". The boundaries of his regno were only later fixed by a truce with the pope in October 1144. Ranulf joined Robert and Sergius there, encouraged by news coming from Sicily that Roger was fatally ill or even already dead. [32] The king welcomed the learned and practised toleration towards the several creeds, races and languages of his realm. [38] They had two children: Roger's third marriage was in 1151 to Beatrice of Rethel, a grandniece of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. In 1147, George set sail from Otranto with seventy galleys to attack Corfu. The royal army, split into several forces, easily conquered Aversa and even Alife, the base of the natural rebel leader, Ranulf. Roger II of Sicily Label from public data source Wikidata; Roger II, King of Sicily; Roger II, King of Sicily, -1154; Roger II, King of Sicily, 1095-1154; Roger II, King of Sicily, d. 1154; Earlier Established Forms Roger's first marriage was in 1117 to Elvira, a daughter of King Alfonso VI of Castile. Meanwhile, Robert and Ranulf took papal Benevento. Roger II's eldest son Roger was given the title of Duke of Apulia. Two Ifrīqiyan Church Treasuries in Norman Sicily and the Problem of Continuity across Political Change", Kapitaikin, Lev A. Roger II was a son of Roger I, Great Count of Sicily, and Adelaide of Savona. "Textiles and Identity". The nephew of Robert Guiscard and son of Count Roger I, Roger II came to the throne at the age of nine and wrested control from his regent when he was sixteen. There are also calls to the cosmos and constellations from the star shapes on the lion's heads. While his sons overcame pockets of resistance on the mainland, on 5 November 1139 Roger returned to Palermo to plan a great act of legislation: the Assizes of Ariano, an attempt to establish his dominions in southern Italy as a coherent state. King Roger II is known as an intellectual king who financed the translation of Arabic and … On the death of Pope Honorius in February 1130 there were two claimants to the papal throne. Roger made Sicily the leading maritime power in the Mediterranean. Both were denied, and Ranulf left Rome against orders, with Robert following. The king himself, more than any other ruler of his day, was an intellectual who had thought deeply about the science of government, and although he cherished no love for the empire of the East—which, like that of the West, maintained its claim to its former South Italian possessions—his whole upbringing inclined him toward the Byzantine concept of monarchy: a mystically tinged absolutism in which the sovereign, as God’s viceroy, lived remote and elevated from his subjects in a magnificence that reflected his intermediate position between earth and heaven. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, later became Duke of Apulia and Calabria (1127), then King … King Roger II being crowned by Jesus - mosaic in La Martorana, 12th Century Norman church in Palermo, Sicily - Italy 2016. through 1198 C.E.) Roger’s first great building, the cathedral at Cefalù, shows little Saracenic influence, but the Palatine Chapel in Palermo, conceived on a Latin plan and aglow with Byzantine mosaics, is topped by a stalactite roof of pure Arab workmanship. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, became Duke of Apulia and Calabria in 1127, then King of Sicily in 1130 and King of Africa in 1148. He also incorporated the mainland territories of Calabria in 1122 and Apulia in 1127. He sacked Athens and quickly moved on to the Aegean Islands. Salerno surrendered, and the large army of Germans and Normans marched to the very south of Apulia. The excellentissimus princeps Jaquintus, who had led the rebellion of the city, was hanged, along with many of his followers, but the city avoided being sacked. George capped the expedition with a sack of Corinth, in which the relics of Saint Theodore were stolen, and then returned to Sicily. The rebel leaders met him there, but they were refused help because Lothair's force was too small. Lat. There he spent his last 15 years in the most intellectual court of Europe, surrounded by the leading thinkers of the time. Roger's son, Sir Ralph King, distinguished himself at the battle of Agincourt in 1415. King … For the King of Sicily, see Roger II of Sicily. He began at once to enforce order in the duchy, where ducal power had long been fading. Later, Roger exhumed his body from his grave in Troia cathedral and threw it in a ditch, only to repent subsequently and rebury him decently. [5] Roger I's nephew, Roger Borsa, was the duke of Apulia and Calabria, and his great nephew, Richard II of Capua, was the prince of Capua. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. pada tahun 1091. By 999, Norman adventurers had come to southern Italy. [18] The pearls are from the Arabian Gulf, with thousands outlining each section of the embroidery. Sicily was already the only land where scholars could study both Greek and Arabic—then the scientific language par excellence. By 1122 all Calabria was his, and in 1127, when Duke William of Apulia died without issue, Roger laid claim to the duchy as his rightful heir. Post reform of 1140 type. Roger II (22 December 1095 – 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily and Africa, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. By 1016, they were involved in the complex local politics where Lombards were fighting against the Byzantine Empire. This collection of laws is the earlier of two related texts purporting to contain the legislation of King Roger (1130-54), the founder of the Kingdom of Sicily. For the Viscount of Carcassonne, see. His career took a turning point in 1145 and changed completely when he got invited by the Norman king of Sicily, King Roger II. In 1136, the long-awaited imperial army, led by Lothair and the duke of Bavaria, Henry the Proud, descended the peninsula to support the three rebels. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The navy, by contrast, was predominantly Greek; its chief, known by the Arabic title “emir of emirs”—from which the word admiral derives—served also as head of the government, ranking second after the king himself. The Assizes of King Roger . After the death of Anacletus in January 1138, Roger had sought the confirmation of his title from Innocent. After the pacification of South Italy, the king promulgated in 1140 at the so-called Assizes of Ariano a corpus of law covering every aspect of his rule. [17][16] The lining panels are separated into five sections made from three separate silks, each was woven with gold. SICILY: Roger II, 1105-1154, AR ducalis (2.32g), Palermo, dated RY 10 (1140), MEC-14-212, Spahr-72, Roger II standing to right, wearing Byzantine-style crown with pendilia and loros, holding globus cruciger in his left hand, R RX SLS (Rogerius Rex Siciliae); Roger III standing to left, bowing his head to his father, wearing military tunic, resting his right hand on hilt of his sword, R D X AP (Rogerius Dux Apuliae), both … He returned to check on his sons' progress in 1140 and then went to Ariano, a town central to the peninsular possessions (and a centre of rebellion under his predecessors). What’s so unusual about it is that it is Christ doing the crowning and not a Pope, as was the custom in … Studiorum Universitas Ruggero II, a private non-traditional university connected to Accademia Normanna was incorporated in the U.S. on April 30, 2001 in honor of this king.[35]. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It capped Ranulf's meteoric career: twice victor over Roger. King Roger II of Sicily was a descendant of the Norman knights whom the Popes had recruited to fight the Muslim expansion in the Mediterranean. Obv: Arabic legend, three pellets in centre . When William II of Apulia died childless in July 1127, Roger claimed all Hauteville family possessions in the peninsula as well as the overlordship of the Principality of Capua, which had been nominally given to Apulia almost thirty years earlier. As mercenaries they fought the enemies of the Italian city-states sometimes fighting for the Byzantines and sometimes against them, but in the following century they gradually became the rulers of the major polities south of Rome. Though the island that Roger I and his brother Robert Guiscard had conquered was populated predominantly by Arabs—with a strong admixture of Greeks—Roger I had always remained essentially a Norman knight. Roger II had a kingdom where a Muslim scholar such as al-Idrisi could draw from a variety of intellectual traditions, because Sicily is positioned in the center of the Mediterranean and was a major stopping point for people traveling across the Mediterranean.
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